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The one-hour glucose level during an oral
glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) improves the early prediction of type 2 diabetes,
according to results from the Botnia Prospective Study.
In the study, 1-hour plasma glucose (PG) alone was almost
as good as most other multivariate models, especially the combination of HbA1c
and 1-hour PG, in predicting type 2 diabetes
One-hour plasma glucose showed the best predictive
performance for type 2 diabetes, with 75% sensitivity, 68% specificity and 75%
accuracy (by AUC), followed by the 30-min plasma glucose, with 62% sensitivity,
71% specificity and 71% accuracy. Both measures were more accurate than fasting
plasma glucose or two-hour plasma glucose.
These results are reported online Nov. 15, 2018 in
the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.
OGTT is a test commonly employed to screen for and
diagnose type 2 diabetes and also to detect persons with prediabetes. It is an
important risk factor for future type 2 diabetes. So, it is important to
diagnose prediabetes early and also intervene early to prevent progression to
type 2 diabetes.
Conventionally, the results at 2 hours are taken into
consideration when determining the risk status of an individual, as has been
recommended in guidelines. As per American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2019
Standards of medical care for diabetes, patients with prediabetes are defined
by the presence of IFG and/or IGT and/or A1C 5.7–6.4%. IFG is defined as FPG
levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL and IGT as 2-h PG during 75-g OGTT levels between
140 and 199 mg/dL).
But, this new study has shown that individuals with
1-hour blood glucose level >155 mg/dL have a very high risk of developing
type 2 diabetes and should be subjected to adequate life-style intervention and
follow-up.
According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF)
Diabetes Atlas (7th Edition), India is second only to China in terms of the
number of people with diabetes. China had the largest number of diabetes (11.43
cr.) in 2017, while the corresponding number was 7.29 cr. in India.
Identification of people at risk of type 2 diabetes at an
even earlier time than what is routinely followed is the need of the hour to
check the rising burden of type 2 diabetes in India.
An article in the December 2018 issue of Diabetes
Research and Clinical Practice has strongly advocated
redefining current diagnostic criteria for prediabetes with the elevated 1-h
blood glucose level (Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018 Dec;146:18-33). It
states: “The 1-hour postload blood glucose ≥ 155 mg/dl in those with
normal glucose tolerance (NGT) during OGTT is highly predictive for detecting
progression to type 2 diabetes, micro- and macrovascular complications
and mortality in individuals at increased risk.”
The STOP DIABETES Study also showed that progression
to type 2 diabetes in people at high risk
of diabetes - those with NGT and a 1-h PG ≥ 155 mg/dl
(8·6 mmol/L) - can be reduced by effective interventions (Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.
2018 Oct;6(10):781-9).
What these studies tell us is that shortening the
standard 75-g OGTT to one hour improves the predictive value as well as
clinical utility, especially in patients in whom the A1c, fasting blood sugar
and the 2-hour OGTT are normal.
Dr KK Aggarwal
Padma Shri Awardee
President
Elect Confederation of Medical Associations in Asia and Oceania
(CMAAO)
Group Editor-in-Chief IJCP Publications
President Heart Care Foundation of India
Past National
President IMA
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